Oxford Handbook of Gastrointestinal Nursing

Oxford Handbook of Gastrointestinal Nursing

Oxford Medicine Online

Contents

Front matter
- Preface
- Foreword
- Contributors
- Symbols and abbreviations

Chapter 1 Overview of the gut and its function
- Chapter 1 Overview of the gut and its function
- Gross anatomy
- Structure and function
- Normal gut flora

Chapter 2 Nursing care of gastrointestinal (GI) patients
- Chapter 2 Nursing care of gastrointestinal (GI) patients
- Clinical history-taking: general
- Clinical history-taking: GI symptoms 1
- Clinical history-taking: GI symptoms 2
- Physical examination: environment, position, inspection
- Physical examination: palpation, percussion, auscultation
- Physical examination: per rectum (PR) examination
- Stigma and taboos
- Body image and sexuality
- Presentation of psychological difficulties in GI patients
- Management of psychological difficulties in GI patients

Chapter 3 Nursing specialties in GI practice
- Chapter 3 Nursing specialties in GI practice
- Role of the nurse specialist in GI nursing
- Training for advanced practice roles
- Medico-legal issues and accountability in GI nursing
- Nurse prescribing

Chapter 4 Imaging the GI tract
- Chapter 4 Imaging the GI tract
- Radiological imaging
- Barium swallow
- Barium meal (‘upper GI series’)
- Barium follow-through
- Barium enema
- Evacuating proctogram (defecography, defecating proctogram)
- Abdominal ultrasound
- Computed tomography (CT)
- Virtual colonoscopy (VC) or CT colonography
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- Scintigraphy (radionuclide imaging or nuclear medicine studies)

Chapter 5 Nutrition
- Chapter 5 Nutrition
- Introduction
- Nutritional requirements in health
- Balance of good health
- Influence of diet on health
- Obesity
- Management of obesity
- Diet and cancer
- Functional foods and supplements
- Nutrients
- Fats
- Carbohydrates
- Fibre
- Proteins
- Vitamins
- Minerals
- Water

Chapter 6 Clinical nutrition
- Chapter 6 Clinical nutrition
- Organization of nutrition support
- Roles of nutrition support team members
- Undernutrition
- Nutrition screening
- Nutrition assessment
- Estimating requirements
- Nutrition support
- Withholding and withdrawing nutrition support
- Refeeding problems
- Enteral nutrition
- Short-term feeding
- Long-term feeding
- Nasogastric tube placement
- Nasogastric tube management
- Gastrostomy tube placement
- Gastrostomy tube management
- Replacement of gastrostomy tubes
- Percutaneous intestinal feeding
- Enteral feed preparations
- Complications of enteral feeding
- Mechanical complications of enteral feeding
- Infective complications of enteral feeding
- GI disturbances in enteral feeding
- Monitoring enteral nutrition
- Home enteral nutrition
- Drug administration and enteral nutrition
- Parenteral nutrition
- Parenteral nutrition: central venous catheter access
- Parenteral nutrition: peripheral vein catheter access
- Parenteral nutrition: catheter insertion
- Parenteral nutrition: catheter care
- Parenteral nutrition: formulation
- Parenteral nutrition: administration
- Parenteral nutrition: monitoring
- Home parenteral nutrition
- Nutrition and the surgical patient
- Nutritional management of gastrointestinal disease

Chapter 7 Endoscopy
- Chapter 7 Endoscopy
- Nursing care/procedures for all common endoscopic procedures
- Sedation and anaesthesia in endoscopy
- Non-medical endoscopy: practical and legal risks
- Non-medical endoscopy: consent and sedation
- Non-medical endoscopy: training and support
- Oesophageal gastroduodenoscopy: preparation, alternatives, and indications
- Oesophageal gastroduodenoscopy: procedure and recovery
- Endoscopic oesophageal dilatation
- Wire guidance for oesophageal dilatation
- Variceal balloon tamponade
- Oesophageal varices: banding or injecting
- Foreign-body removal from the upper GIT
- Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: assessment
- Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: procedure and techniques
- Jejunal extension using percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
- Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy: post-procedure risks
- Oesophageal self-expanding metal stent
- Diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
- Therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: biliary stent placement
- Therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: stone extraction
- Therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: sphincterotomy
- Therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: biliary duct dilatation
- Flexible sigmoidoscopy
- Colonoscopy
- Colonic stents
- Polypectomy
- Capsule endoscopy
- Cleaning and disinfection of endoscopes: transmission of infection
- Cleaning and disinfection of endoscopes: decontamination
- Cleaning and disinfection of endoscopes: management
- Biopsies, aspiration, and handling specimens
- Other endoscopic procedures

Chapter 8 Stoma care
- Chapter 8 Stoma care
- Stoma care nursing: role of the stoma care nurse
- Surgical procedures resulting in a colostomy
- Surgical procedures resulting in an ileostomy
- Colo-anal pouch
- Colectomy with ileo-rectal anastomosis
- Kock pouch (continent ileostomy)
- Restorative proctocolectomy (ileo-anal pouch)
- Formation of a stoma
- Stoma reversal
- Pre-operative care for the ostomist
- Stoma siting
- Post-operative care following formation of a stoma
- Management of a rod/bridge including removal
- Product choice: appliances
- Product choice: accessories
- Storage, care, and disposal
- Discharge planning for the ostomist
- Prescription issues and obtaining supplies
- Lifestyle issues for the ostomist
- Dietary advice for the ostomist
- Hints and tips: ileostomists
- Hints and tips: colostomists
- Complications and management of problems: mucocutaneous separation
- Complications and management of problems: bleeding
- Complications and management of problems: necrosis
- Complications and management of problems: prolapse
- Complications and management of problems: parastomal hernia
- Complications and management of problems: pyoderma gangrenosum
- Complications and management of problems: peristomal granuloma
- Complications and management of problems: recurrence of disease
- Complications and management of problems: stenosis and dilators
- Complications and management of problems: retraction
- Complications and management of problems: phantom rectum
- Complications and management of problems: constipation and diarrhoea advice for the colostomist
- Enterocutaneous fistula management
- Catastrophic abdomen
- Administration of suppositories and enemas into a stoma
- Medina catheter
- Skin care: excoriation and allergy
- Skin care: trauma and infection
- Colostomy irrigation
- Antegrade continent enema
- Percutaneous endoscopic colostomy
- Stomal considerations with chemotherapy and radiotherapy
- Palliative care for the ostomist 1
- Palliative care for the ostomist 2

Chapter 10 Small bowel
- Chapter 10 Small bowel
- Structure and function
- Malabsorption
- Coeliac disease (gluten-sensitive enteropathy)
- Bacterial overgrowth and lactase deficiency
- Small bowel infection
- Short bowel syndrome
- Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency
- Duodenal ulcers
- Meckel's diverticulum
- Small bowel tumours
- Intestinal failure: overview
- Intestinal failure: definition and classification
- Intestinal failure: pathogenesis
- Intestinal failure: assessment and planning
- Intestinal failure: treatment
- Intestinal failure: psychological and social considerations

Chapter 11 Liver
- Chapter 11 Liver
- Structure and function
- Viral hepatitis
- Non-viral hepatitis
- Cirrhosis: background and causes
- Cirrhosis: symptoms and management
- Complications of cirrhosis
- Haemochromatosis (inherited)
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- Other liver disorders
- Liver disease in pregnancy
- Liver cancer: primary
- Liver cancer: secondary
- Liver transplant
- Investigations and findings
- Blood tests relating to liver disease

Chapter 12 Pancreas
- Chapter 12 Pancreas
- Structure and function
- Acute pancreatitis
- Chronic pancreatitis
- Malignancies and tumours
- Cystic fibrosis
- Other pancreatic disorders

Chapter 13 Gall bladder and biliary system
- Chapter 13 Gall bladder and biliary system
- Structure and function
- Gallstones: cholelithiasis
- Gallstones: cholecystectomy
- Other biliary conditions

Chapter 14 Colon
- Chapter 14 Colon
- Structure and function
- Appendix
- Abdominal bloating
- Paralytic ileus
- Laparotomy: nursing care
- Laparoscopic abdominal surgery: nursing care
- Ischaemic colitis
- Pseudomembranous colitis
- Radiation enteritis and colitis (radiation enteropathy)
- Infectious colitis
- Pseudo-obstruction
- Colonic decompression
- Flatus and its disorders
- Diverticular disease
- Colorectal cancer
- Screening for colorectal cancer
- Intestinal polyposis syndromes: overview
- Intestinal polyposis syndromes: familial adenomatous polyposis
- Intestinal polyposis syndromes: Peutz–Jeghers syndrome
- Intestinal polyposis syndromes: juvenile polyposis
- Intestinal polyposis syndromes: MYH-associated polyposis
- Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer
- Chemotherapy for cancer of the colon and rectum
- Surgical management of colon cancer
- Malignant bowel obstruction
- Partial and total colectomy
- Megacolon and megarectum
- Toxic megacolon
- Chronic abdominal pain
- Irritable bowel syndrome

Chapter 15 Rectum and anus
- Chapter 15 Rectum and anus
- Structure and function
- Stools and stool samples
- Defecation
- Rectal bleeding
- Digital rectal examination
- Proctoscopy
- Rectal cancer
- Tenesmus in rectal cancer
- Surgery for rectal cancer
- Radiotherapy
- Total mesorectal excision
- Management of local recurrence
- Total pelvic exenteration
- Metastastic colorectal cancer
- Palliative chemotherapy and radiotherapy
- Follow-up for colon and rectal cancer
- Anal cancer
- Anterior resection syndrome
- Rectal prolapse
- Haemorrhoids
- Haemorrhoidectomy
- Anal fissure
- Anal fistula
- Recto-vaginal fistula
- Colovesical fistula
- Anal stenosis and stricture
- Pilonidal sinus
- Perianal skin care
- Anal warts (condylomata acuminata)
- Other perianal conditions
- Pruritus ani
- Diarrhoea
- Cancer-related diarrhoea
- Faecal incontinence
- Obstetric trauma and faecal incontinence
- Anorectal testing
- Faecal incontinence: conservative measures
- Faecal incontinence: exercises and biofeedback
- Anal sphincter repair (overlapping sphincteroplasty)
- Other surgical procedures for faecal incontinence
- Neosphincters for faecal incontinence
- Rectocele
- Constipation in adults: pathophysiology
- Constipation in adults: assessment and investigation
- Conservative management of constipation
- Constipation: enemas and suppositories
- Laxatives
- Rectal irrigation
- Biofeedback for constipation
- Constipation: surgery
- Constipation in cancer
- Megarectum
- Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome

Chapter 16 Inflammatory bowel disease
- Chapter 16 Inflammatory bowel disease
- Introduction
- Pathogenesis of Crohn's disease: epidemiology and environmental factors
- Pathogenesis of Crohn's disease: genetics
- Presentation of Crohn's disease
- Initial investigation of Crohn's disease
- Extra-intestinal manifestations of Crohn's disease
- Further investigation of Crohn's disease
- Nutritional treatment for Crohn's disease
- Medical management of Crohn's disease
- Surgical management of Crohn's disease
- Pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis
- Presentation of ulcerative colitis
- Investigations for ulcerative colitis
- Medical management of ulcerative colitis
- Surgical management of ulcerative colitis
- Extra-intestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease
- Chronic disease management: general
- Chronic disease management: ulcerative colitis
- Chronic disease management: Crohn's disease
- Procedure protocols: infliximab infusions
- Procedure protocols: methotrexate
- Procedure protocols: other immunosuppressants
- Osteoporosis management

Chapter 17 Neurological bowel care
- Chapter 17 Neurological bowel care
- Bowel care in neurological patients
- Autonomic dysreflexia
- Digital rectal stimulation and manual removal of faeces

Chapter 18 Paediatric bowel care
- Chapter 18 Paediatric bowel care
- Congenital anomalies
- Imperforate anus
- Paediatric stoma care
- Problem-solving in paediatric stoma care
- Antegrade continence enema
- Hirschsprung's disease
- Spina bifida
- Constipation in children: causes
- Constipation in children: assessment and management
- Constipation in children: other issues
- Toilet training
- Toddler diarrhoea
- Inflammatory bowel disease in children

Chapter 19 Bowel care and vulnerable groups
- Chapter 19 Bowel care and vulnerable groups
- Bowel care in frail older people
- Learning disabilities
- Cultural issues
- Religious practices and bowel care

Chapter 20 Complementary therapies in bowel disorders
- Chapter 20 Complementary therapies in bowel disorders
- Complementary therapies in gastrointestinal nursing
- Irritable bowel syndrome and complementary and alternative medicine
- Colorectal cancer and complementary and alternative medicine

Chapter 21 Pain management
- Chapter 21 Pain management
- Introduction
- Assessment of acute pain
- Drug treatments for pain management
- Post-operative pain managment
- Post-operative nursing care in pain management
- Chronic non-malignant pain in gastrointestinal disorders

Chapter 22 Gastrointestinal emergencies
- Chapter 22 Gastrointestinal emergencies
- Haematemesis
- Acute abdominal pain
- Intestinal obstruction
- Perforation

End matter
- Coloured Plates

Appendix
- Appendix Sources of information and useful addresses

Index
- Index

The Oxford Handbook of Gastrointestinal Nursing is a comprehensive guide to the management of gastrointestinal patients. Content is organised in three sections: the principles of gastrointestinal nursing, the sections of the gut, and specific disorders of the digestive system - an indispensable tool for all gastrointestinal nurses.

About the Editors

Christine Norton Professor and Nurse Consultant, The Burdett Institute of Gastrointestinal Nursing, St. Mark's Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex, UK

Annmarie Nunwa The Burdett Institute of Gastrointestinal Nursing, St. Mark's Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex, UK

Claire Taylor Lecturer, The Burdett Institute of Gastrointestinal Nursing, St. Mark's Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex, UK

Kathy Whayman The Burdett Institute of Gastrointestinal Nursing, St. Mark's Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex, UK

Julia Williams Senior Lecturer, The Burdett Institute of Gastrointestinal Nursing, St. Mark's Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex, UK

Disclaimer: Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct. Readers must therefore always check the product information and clinical procedures with the most up to date published product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulations. The authors and the publishers do not accept responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work.

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